Refraction and Prescribing. Case history, record cards and recording. Monocular Subjective Refraction. Best vision sphere. Assessment of astigmatism. Binocular balancing. Binocular subjective refraction. Anisometropia. Assessment of presbyopia and the reading addition. Assessment of binocular vision and accommodation.
Ottica Visuale. F. Zeri, A. Rossetti, A. Fossetti, A. Calossi, Società editrice Universo, Roma, 2012.
Clinical Procedures in Primary Eye Care, 4th Edition, DB. Elliott, Editore: Butterworth- Heinemann
Scheiman M, Wick B. Clinical Management of Binocular Vision: Heterophoric, Accommodative, and Eye MovementDisorders 5th Ed. Wolters Kluwer, 2019
Learning Objectives
Knowledge: knowing myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism both from an etiological and refractive point of view; the correction of refractive errors, the mechanism of accommodation and its influence on near vision and the causes of presbyopia. Have a basic knowledge of binocular vision, of the interaction between accommodation and convergence and of latent and manifest deviations.
Acquired skills: to be able, after having made a thorough case history, to measure and correct the various refractive errors and presbyopia.
Skills acquired at the end of the course: knowing how to fully manage, from a technical point of view, refraction of simple visual defects myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism and presbyopia. Be able to provide the patient with the appropriate information on his correction.
Prerequisites
Optometry with laboratory 1
Teaching Methods
Total number of hours of the course: 84
Number of hours related to classroom activities: 48 (lectures and exercises)
Number of hours related to laboratory activities (lessons in the laboratory): 36 (attendance is compulsory, with a maximum of 25% absences)
Further information
Office hours: at the end of the lessons
Type of Assessment
Written and oral.
To access the writing it is necessary to submit, at least one week before the exam date, a patient file, filled in following the methods and examples illustrated during the practical lessons.
The writing consists of multiple choice questions on the various topics covered in the course. the duration is about 1 hour.
The oral exam, lasting about 30 minutes, is a discussion on the topics found to be deficient in the written test and questions on topics not sufficiently verified in the written test.
Course program
Monocular refraction methods: - Anamnesis, preliminary examinations, determination of the spherical equivalent and of the Best Vision Sphere (B.V.S.) - Blurring and recession - Correction of astigmatism using the astigmatism quadrant: procedure, checks and controls - Evaluation of astigmatism through the use of the crossed cylinder: procedure, checks and controls. - Sphere refinement test (notes): use of positive and negative lenses of 0.25 dt, bichromatic, cross reticle and cross cylinder. Biocular balancing tests of accommodation, prismatic and polarized. Binocular balances, Binocular refraction techniques. Correction of anisometropia. Practical tests.
Classification of presbyopia and its compensation by controlling the range of clear vision and the best near visual acuity.
Basic concepts on the physiology of binocular vision. Coordinated functionality of the accommodation system and vergences. Latent and manifest ocular deviations. Classification of phorias and investigation methods of the heterophoric state